Acute MI

Epistaxis, is the medical term for a loss of blood from the tissue that lines the inside of the nose. While it is a common complaint, it is rarely life threatening. However, it can cause significant concern.  Epistaxis Prevention & Management Definition and overview  Types epistaxis and their features Anterior epistaxis: Bleeding from a source anterior to the plane of the piriform aperture. This includes bleeding from the anterior septum and rare bleeds from the vestibular skin and mucocutaneous junction. Site: Mostly from Little’s area or anterior part of lateral wall Age: Mostly occurs in children or young adults  Cause: Mostly trauma Features: Anterior bleeds are almost always unilateral, unless the nasal septum is perforated. Usually mild, can be easily controlled by local pressure or anterior pack Anterior bleeds usually occur in Kiesselbach plexus on the anterior nasal septum and account for 90% of all nose bleeds. They may also occur on the anterior inf...

Heart failure (HF) is the condition resulting from inability of the heart to fill and/or pump blood sufficiently to meet tissue metabolic needs. It is the final common pathway for a wide variety of cardiac diseases & it is the principal complication of heart disease. Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of HF  Causes & Types of heart failure  Heart failure can be systolic or diastolic, acute or chronic, and left or right side heart failure or both (biventricular failure) Systolic Heart Failure (SHF) or Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) SHF is the most common type of LHF , is characterized by a low ejection fraction (EF <40%) due to defect in ventricular contraction. Often due to myocardial infarction (MCC) or dilated cardiomyopathy. It's affects all ages and more common in males. S3 is usuallypresent.  Causes of Systolic Heart Failure   Ischemic heart disease or after a recent MI Idiopathic HTN Myocarditis (postviral, giant ...

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a term that describes a range of conditions related to sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart, that result in myocardial ischemia with or without infarction. Acute Coronary Syndrome  Definition and overview   What is Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)? Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a clinical manifestation of rupture of atherosclerotic plaques and obstruction of a coronary artery, often causing severe chest pain or discomfort. It is a medical emergency that needs a diagnosis and care right away. Term generally refers to unstable angina, NSTEMI, or STEMI Causes of Acute Coronary Syndrome Rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque (The prototypical and most common mechanism of ACS)  Stent thrombosis (Consider this etiology in patients who recently underwent primary coronary intervention). Stent thrombosis is largely an early complication of bare metal stents (within 30 days); it tends to be a late complication of drug-eluting stents (after ...

Coronary heart disease is the most common heart disease and the single most important cause of death. Coronary ischemia (Stable angina): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Management Definition and overview  What is Coronary artery disease (CAD)? Coronary artery disease (CAD) refers to the atherosclerotic narrowing of the epicardial coronary arteries. It may manifest insidiously as angina pectoris or as an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). CAD can have the following clinical presentations:  Asymptomatic  Stable angina pectoris Unstable angina  Myocardial infarction (MI)—either NSTEMI or STEMI Sudden cardiac death What is The Major risk factors ? Diabetes mellitus (DM) —worst risk factor  Hyperlipidemia —elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL >160 mg/dL, HDL <40 mg/dL)  Hypertension (HTN) —most common risk factor  Cigarette smoking —There is a strong, dose-linked relationship between cigarette smoking and CAD. Age (Most important risk factor) : Men ≥...